Linux Techos

The BIOS and UEFI are both low level softwares that are initialized the moment when the Power is turned ON. Both of them are located on a motherboard chip. Basically BIOS(Basic Input Output System) and UEFI(Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) are the firmware of motherboard that carries out POST (Power On Self Test). But UEFI is a modern firmware that supports large hard drives,enhanced boot time, more security features, GUI enabled setup screen. BIOS works in 16 bit processor mode and has only 1 MB of space to execute its operations and thus it founds trouble in initialising all the hardware connected to the computer in the minimum time. This is the real reason behind slow booting of systems installed with BIOS firmaware in use. Also BIOS supports MBR partitioned Hard drives which does not allow hard drive size beyond 2TB and not more than four primary partitions. Read further on MBR and GPT . So, whats great with UEFI ? Implementation of UEFI wipes out all the limitation

The MBR and GPT are both the partition schemes hard disks .In order to use a Hard disk it must have a partition scheme configu red. Partition schemes are essential to divide the hard disk into different partitio ns. MBR stands for Master Boot record. The MBR partition scheme was first introduced in 1983 with PC DOS 2.0. MBR allows  hard disk to be divided into Four primary partit ions. These four partitions can also be further broken into extended or logical partitions.MBR scheme can be used on a hard drive having space not more than 2TB . If the hard disk with space more than 2TB is used then 2TB space will be used and further space will be useless . MBR scheme supports both BIOS (Basic Input Output System) and UEFI(Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) . The reason behind these limitations is : BIOS systems with MBR disks use 32-bit values to describe the starting offset and length of a partition. Due to this size limit, MBR allows a maximum disk size of approximately 2

The schedutil is a fairly new cpu frequency governor found in Linux Kernel . This CPU governor controls how the CPU raises and lowers its frequency according to the demand. Shadeutil was introduced in linux kernel version 4.7 as an alternative of ondemand and performance. This is special because it makes the use of cpu scheduler utilization data . Load estimation is achieved through the scheduler's Per-Entity Load Tracking (PELT) mechanism, which also provides information about the recent load. The schedutil cpu frequency governor aims at better integration with the Linux kernel scheduler. This governor currently does load based Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS).only for tasks managed by Completely Fair Scheduler(CFS(*CFS is a default scheduler. It handles CPU resource allocation for executing processes, and aims to maximize overall CPU utilization while also maximizing interactive performance. )). RT(Reaction Time) and DL (Deadline task) scheduler tasks are

Linux root directory structure : 1) /      Note: /root is a home directory of root user which is different than / . All the files and directories are present here only. Only root user has modification rights(write access) in root directory . 2) /bin        This directory contains user binary executables. Eg: ls,cp,mv,ping and much more. 3) / sbin        This directory contains the binary executables of programs that are commonly used by system administrators. Eg: iofconfig,fdisk,reboot and much more. 4) /etc    This directory contains the configuration files needed for installed programs. Eg: makepkg.conf,man_db.conf,resolv.conf, sddm.conf and much more. 5)  /dev    This directory contains device files and directories. Eg: sda,tty,port,bus/usb and much more . 6) / proc    This directory contains process information that system is carrying out. Eg: partitions, mounts, interrupts and much more. 7)  /var This directory contains variable files that may grow.

The systemd-journald is service in Linux OS that collects and stores the logging data. On some Linux distributions it is often found that systemd-journald service is consuming more than 90% or some times nearly 100% of CPU resources. So here's a fix for this problem... Open your terminal and type following command.(You can use text editor of your choice.) sudo vi /etc/default/grub Find a the line that begins with GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=" " There will be some parameters inside double quotation mark. Add this parameter there... pci=nomsi And save this file. Now run following command in terminal... sudo update-grub This will take little time to complete. After this reboot the system and your problem is Solved! You can check the usage of all processes in system monitor or htop program.

With the fresh install of Mnajaro Linux KDE edition in laptop many users face display brghtness control problem or KDE stuff freezing problem when brightness is changed. So the very first step is to update your repo list and try this out... sudo pacman -S acpi reboot If there is no other problem then this will definetly work like a charm!